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2.2.1 Big Data in MODERN COMPUTER Network

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Big Data In simple terms, big data refers to everything that enables an organization to create, manipulate, and manage very large data sets (measured in terabytes, petabytes, exabytes, and so on) and the facilities in which these are stored. Distributed data centers, data warehouses, and cloud-based storage are common aspects of today’s enterprise networks. Many factors have contributed to the merging of “big data” and business networks, including continuing declines in storage costs, the maturation of data mining and business intelligence (BI) tools, and government regulations and court cases that have caused organizations to stockpile large masses of structured and unstructured data, including documents, e-mail messages, voice-mail messages, text messages, and social media data. Other data sources being captured, transmitted, and stored include web logs, Internet documents, Internet search indexing, call detail records, scientific research data and results, military surveillance, m...

2.2.1 TYPE OF INTERNET AND INTERNET TRAFFIC in Modern Computer Network

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TYPES OF NETWORK AND INTERNET TRAFFIC Traffic on the Internet and enterprise networks can be divided into two broad categories: elastic and inelastic. A consideration of their differing requirements clarifies the need for an enhanced networking architecture. Elastic Traffic Elastic traffic is that which can adjust, over wide ranges, to changes in delay and throughput across an internet and still meet the needs of its applications. This is the traditional type of traffic supported on TCP/IP-based internets and is the type of traffic for which internets were designed. Applications that generate such traffic typically use Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) or User Datagram Protocol (UDP) as a transport protocol. In the case of UDP, the application will use as much capacity as is available up to the rate that the application generates data. In the case of TCP, the application will use as much capacity as is available up to the maximum rate that the end-to-end receiver can accept data...

2.7 MODERN NETWORKING ELEMENTS IN MODERN COMPUTER NETWORK

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2.7 MODERN NETWORKING ELEMENTS QUALITY OF EXPERIENCE (QOE) QoE is a subjective measure of performance as reported by the user. Unlike QoS, which can be precisely measured, QoE relies on human opinion. QoE is important particularly when we deal with multimedia applications and multimedia content delivery. QoS provides measurable, quantitative targets that guide the design and operation of a network and enable customer and provider to agree on what quantitative performance the network will deliver for give applications and traffic flows. However, QoS processes by themselves are not sufficient in that they do not take into account the user’s perception of network performance and service quality. Although the maximum capacity may be fixed at a certain value by a media transmission system, this does not necessarily fix the quality of the multimedia content at, say, “high.” This is because there are numerous ways the multimedia content could have been encoded, giving rise to differing ...

1.9 UNIFIED COMMUNICATIONS ARCHITECTURE in Modern Computer Network

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1.9 UNIFIED COMMUNICATIONS A concept related to network convergence is unified communications (UC). Whereas enterprise network convergence focuses on the consolidation of traditionally distinct voice, video, and data communications networks into a common infrastructure, UC focuses on the integration of real-time communication services to optimize business processes. As with converged enterprise networks, IP is the cornerstone on which UC systems are built. Key elements of UC include the following: 1. UC systems typically provide a unified user interface and consistent user experience across multiple devices and media. unified communications The integration of real-time enterprise communication services such as instant messaging, presence information, voice (including IP telephony), web and video conferencing, and speech recognition with non-real-time communication services such as unified messaging (integrated voice mail, e-mail, SMS, and fax). 2. UC merges real-time co...

1.7 IOT(INTERNET OF THING) In Modern Computer Network

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1.7 INTERNET OF THINGS The Internet of Things (IoT) is the latest development in the long and continuing revolution of computing and communications. Its size, ubiquity, and influence on everyday lives, business, and government dwarf any technical advance that has gone before. This section provides a brief overview of the IoT, which is dealt with in greater detail later in the book. Internet of Things (IoT) The expanding connectivity, particularly via the Internet of a wide range of sensors, actuators, and other embedded systems. In almost all cases, there is no human user, with interaction fully automated. Things on the Internet of Things The Internet of Things (IoT) is a term that refers to the expanding interconnection of smart devices, ranging from appliances to tiny sensors. A dominant theme is the embedding of short-range mobile transceivers into a wide array of gadgets and everyday items, enabling new forms of communication between people and things, and between things th...

1.3 ETHERNET IN MODERN NETWORKING

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1.3 ETHERNET Continuing the top-down approach of the preceding two sections, the next three sections focus on key network transmission technologies of Ethernet, Wi-Fi, and 4G/5G cellular networks. Each of these technologies has evolved to support very high data rates. These data rates support the many multimedia applications required by enterprises and consumers and, at the same time, place great demands on network switching equipment and network management facilities. A full discussion of these network technologies is beyond the scope of this book. Here, we provide a brief survey. Ethernet The commercial name for a wired local-area network technology. It involves the use of a shared physical medium, a medium access control protocol, and transmission of data in packets. Standards for Ethernet products are defined by the IEEE 802.3 committee. This section begins with discussion of Ethernet applications, and then looks at standards and performance. Applications of Ethernet Ether...

1.1 The Networking Ecosystem (Elements of Modern Networking)

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1.1 THE NETWORKING ECOSYSTEM Figure 1.1 depicts the modern networking ecosystem in very general terms. The entire ecosystem exists to provide services to end users. The term end user, or simply user, is used here as a very general term, to encompass users working within an enterprise or in a public setting or at home. The user platform can be fixed (for example, PC or workstation), portable (for example, laptop), or mobile (for example, tablet or smartphone). FIGURE 1.1 The Modern Networking Ecosystem end user The ultimate consumer of applications, data and services on a computing platform. network provider An organization that delivers communications services over a typically large geographic area. It provides, maintains, and manages network equipment and networks, either public or private. Users connect to network-based services and content through a wide variety of network access facilities. These include digital subscriber line (DSL) and cable modems, Wi-Fi and Worldwide...