1.7 IOT(INTERNET OF THING) In Modern Computer Network
1.7 INTERNET OF THINGS
The Internet of Things (IoT) is the latest development in the long and continuing revolution of computing
and communications. Its size, ubiquity, and influence on everyday lives, business, and government dwarf any
technical advance that has gone before. This section provides a brief overview of the IoT, which is dealt with in
greater detail later in the book.
Internet of Things (IoT)
The expanding connectivity, particularly via the Internet of a wide range of sensors, actuators, and other embedded systems. In almost all cases, there is no human user, with interaction fully automated.
Things on the Internet of Things
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a term that refers to the expanding interconnection of smart devices, ranging from appliances to tiny sensors. A dominant theme is the embedding of short-range mobile transceivers into a wide array of gadgets and everyday items, enabling new forms of communication between people and things, and between things themselves. The Internet now supports the interconnection of billions of industrial and personal objects, usually through cloud systems. The objects deliver sensor information, act on their environment, and in some cases modify themselves, to create overall management of a larger system, like a factory or city.
See Chapter 14, “The Internet of Things”
The IoT is primarily driven by deeply embedded devices. These devices are low-bandwidth, low-repetition data-capture and low-bandwidth data-usage appliances that communicate with each other and provide data via user interfaces. Embedded appliances, such as high-resolution video security cameras, Video over IP (VoIP) phones, and a handful of others, require high-bandwidth streaming capabilities. Yet countless products simply require packets of data to be intermittently delivered.
Evolution
With reference to the end systems supported, the Internet has gone through roughly four generations of deployment culminating in the IoT:
1. Information technology (IT): PCs, servers, routers, firewalls, and so on, bought as IT devices by enterprise IT people, primarily using wired connectivity.
2. Operational technology (OT): Machines/appliances with embedded IT built by non-IT companies, such as medical machinery, SCADA (supervisory control and data acquisition), process control, and kiosks, bought as appliances by enterprise OT people and primarily using wired connectivity.
3. Personal technology: Smartphones, tablets, and ebook readers bought as IT devices by consumers (employees) exclusively using wireless connectivity and often multiple forms of wireless connectivity.
4. Sensor/actuator technology: Single-purpose devices bought by consumers, IT, and OT people exclusively using wireless connectivity, generally of a single form, as part of larger systems.
It is the fourth generation that is usually thought of as the IoT, and which is marked by the use of billions of embedded devices.
Layers of the Internet of Things
Both the business and technical literature often focus on two elements of the Internet of Things—the “things” that are connected, and the Internet that interconnects them. It is better to view the IoT as a massive system, which consists of five layers:
Sensors and actuators: These are the things. Sensors observe their environment and report back quantitative measurements of such variables as temperature, humidity, presence or absence of some observable, and so on. Actuators operate on their environment, such as changing a thermostat setting or operating a valve.
Connectivity: A device may connect via either a wireless or wired link into a network to send collected data to the appropriate data center (sensor) or receive operational commands from a controller site (actuator).
Capacity: The network supporting the devices must be able to handle a potentially huge flow of data.
Storage: There needs to be a large storage facility to store and maintain backups of all the collected data.
This is typically a cloud capability.
Data analytics : For large collections of devices, “big data” is generated, requiring a data analytics capability to process the data flow.
All of these layers are essential to an effective use of the IoT concept.
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Internet of Things (IoT)
The expanding connectivity, particularly via the Internet of a wide range of sensors, actuators, and other embedded systems. In almost all cases, there is no human user, with interaction fully automated.
Things on the Internet of Things
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a term that refers to the expanding interconnection of smart devices, ranging from appliances to tiny sensors. A dominant theme is the embedding of short-range mobile transceivers into a wide array of gadgets and everyday items, enabling new forms of communication between people and things, and between things themselves. The Internet now supports the interconnection of billions of industrial and personal objects, usually through cloud systems. The objects deliver sensor information, act on their environment, and in some cases modify themselves, to create overall management of a larger system, like a factory or city.
See Chapter 14, “The Internet of Things”
The IoT is primarily driven by deeply embedded devices. These devices are low-bandwidth, low-repetition data-capture and low-bandwidth data-usage appliances that communicate with each other and provide data via user interfaces. Embedded appliances, such as high-resolution video security cameras, Video over IP (VoIP) phones, and a handful of others, require high-bandwidth streaming capabilities. Yet countless products simply require packets of data to be intermittently delivered.
Evolution
With reference to the end systems supported, the Internet has gone through roughly four generations of deployment culminating in the IoT:
1. Information technology (IT): PCs, servers, routers, firewalls, and so on, bought as IT devices by enterprise IT people, primarily using wired connectivity.
2. Operational technology (OT): Machines/appliances with embedded IT built by non-IT companies, such as medical machinery, SCADA (supervisory control and data acquisition), process control, and kiosks, bought as appliances by enterprise OT people and primarily using wired connectivity.
3. Personal technology: Smartphones, tablets, and ebook readers bought as IT devices by consumers (employees) exclusively using wireless connectivity and often multiple forms of wireless connectivity.
4. Sensor/actuator technology: Single-purpose devices bought by consumers, IT, and OT people exclusively using wireless connectivity, generally of a single form, as part of larger systems.
It is the fourth generation that is usually thought of as the IoT, and which is marked by the use of billions of embedded devices.
Layers of the Internet of Things
Both the business and technical literature often focus on two elements of the Internet of Things—the “things” that are connected, and the Internet that interconnects them. It is better to view the IoT as a massive system, which consists of five layers:
Sensors and actuators: These are the things. Sensors observe their environment and report back quantitative measurements of such variables as temperature, humidity, presence or absence of some observable, and so on. Actuators operate on their environment, such as changing a thermostat setting or operating a valve.
Connectivity: A device may connect via either a wireless or wired link into a network to send collected data to the appropriate data center (sensor) or receive operational commands from a controller site (actuator).
Capacity: The network supporting the devices must be able to handle a potentially huge flow of data.
Storage: There needs to be a large storage facility to store and maintain backups of all the collected data.
This is typically a cloud capability.
Data analytics : For large collections of devices, “big data” is generated, requiring a data analytics capability to process the data flow.
All of these layers are essential to an effective use of the IoT concept.
Modern Computer Network Theory Playlist
Modern Computer Network Practical Playlist
#Subscribe the Channel Link :-
IF any Query or Doubt DM on #Instagram :-
#Bansode_Tech_Solution
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