1. Processor In Operating System


1. Processors ● The ‘‘brain’’ of the computer is the CPU. It fetches instructions from memory and executes them.
● The basic cycle of every CPU is to fetch the first instruction from memory, decode it to determine its type and operands, execute it, and then fetch, decode, and execute subsequent instructions.
● The cycle is repeated until the program finishes. In this way, programs are carried out.
● The program counter, which contains the memory address of the next instruction to be fetched.
● The stack pointer, which points to the top of the current stack in memory.
● The PSW (Program Status Word). This register contains the condition code bits, which are set by comparison instructions, the CPU priority, the mode (user or kernel), and various other control bits.
● To improve performance, CPU designers have long abandoned the simple model of fetching, decoding, and executing one instruction at a time. Many modern CPUs have facilities for executing more than one instruction at the same time.


For example, a CPU might have separate fetch, decode, and execute units, so that while it is executing instruction n, it could also be decoding instruction n + 1 and fetching instruction n + 2. Such an organization is called a pipeline and is illustrated in Fig.(a) for a pipeline with three stages. ● Even more advanced than a pipeline design is a superscalar CPU, shown in Fig.(b). In this design, multiple execution units are present, for example, one for integer arithmetic, one for floating-point arithmetic, and one for Boolean operations. ● Two or more instructions are fetched at once, decoded, and dumped into a holding buffer until they can be executed. ● To obtain services from the operating system, a user program must make a system call. Operating System #PLAYLIST.
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