1.1 THE NETWORKING ECOSYSTEM Figure 1.1 depicts the modern networking ecosystem in very general terms. The entire ecosystem exists to provide services to end users. The term end user, or simply user, is used here as a very general term, to encompass users working within an enterprise or in a public setting or at home. The user platform can be fixed (for example, PC or workstation), portable (for example, laptop), or mobile (for example, tablet or smartphone). FIGURE 1.1 The Modern Networking Ecosystem end user The ultimate consumer of applications, data and services on a computing platform. network provider An organization that delivers communications services over a typically large geographic area. It provides, maintains, and manages network equipment and networks, either public or private. Users connect to network-based services and content through a wide variety of network access facilities. These include digital subscriber line (DSL) and cable modems, Wi-Fi and Worldwide
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