1.5 Cellular Technology In Modern Computer Networking
1.5 4G/5G CELLULAR
Cellular technology is the foundation of mobile wireless communications and supports users in locations that are not easily served by wired networks. Cellular technology is the underlying technology for mobile telephones, personal communications systems, wireless Internet and wireless web applications, and much more. This section looks at how cellular technology has evolved through four generations and is poised for a fifth generation.
I.First Generation
The original cellular networks, now dubbed 1G, provided analog traffic channels and were designed to be an extension of the public switched telephone networks. Users with brick-sized cell phones placed and received calls in the same fashion as landline subscribers. The most widely deployed 1G system was the Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS), developed by ATT. Voice transmission was purely analog and control signals were sent over a 10-kbps analog channel.
II.Second Generation
First-generation cellular networks quickly became highly popular, threatening to swamp available capacity. Second-generation (2G) systems were developed to provide higher-quality signals, higher data rates for support of digital services, and greater capacity. Key differences between 1G and 2G networks include the following:
Digital traffic channels: The most notable difference between the two generations is that 1G systems are almost purely analog, whereas 2G systems are digital. In particular, 1G systems are designed to support voice channels; digital traffic is supported only by the use of a modem that converts the digital data into analog form. 2G systems provide digital traffic channels. These systems readily support digital data; voice traffic is first encoded in digital form before transmitting.
Encryption: Because all the user traffic, and the control traffic, is digitized in 2G systems, it is a relatively simple matter to encrypt all the traffic to prevent eavesdropping. All 2G systems provide this capability, whereas 1G systems send user traffic in the clear, providing no security.
Error detection and correction: The digital traffic stream of 2G systems also lends itself to the use of error detection and correction techniques. The result can be very clear voice reception. Channel access: In 1G systems, each cell supports a number of channels. At any given time a channel is allocated to only one user. 2G systems also provide multiple channels per cell, but each channel is dynamically shared by a number of users.
III.Third Generation
The objective of the third generation (3G) of wireless communication is to provide fairly high-speed wireless communications to support multimedia, data, and video in addition to voice. 3G systems share the following design features:
Bandwidth: An important design goal for all 3G systems is to limit channel usage to 5 MHz. There are several reasons for this goal. On the one hand, a bandwidth of 5 MHz or more improves the receiver’s ability to resolve multipath when compared to narrower bandwidths. On the other hand, the available spectrum is limited by competing needs, and 5 MHz is a reasonable upper limit on what can be allocated for 3G. Finally, 5 MHz is adequate for supporting data rates of 144 and 384 kbps, the main targets for 3G services.
Data rate: Target data rates are 144 and 384 kbps. Some 3G systems also provide support up to 2 Mbps for office use.
Multirate: The term multirate refers to the provision of multiple fixed-data-rate logical channels to a given user, in which different data rates are provided on different logical channels. Further, the traffic on each logical channel can be switched independently through the wireless and fixed networks to different destinations. The advantage of multirate is that the system can flexibly support multiple simultaneous applications from a given user and can efficiently use available capacity by only providing the capacity required for each service.
IV.Fourth Generation
The evolution of smartphones and cellular networks has ushered in a new generation of capabilities and standards, which is collectively called 4G. 4G systems provide ultra-broadband Internet access for a variety of mobile devices including laptops, smartphones, and tablets. 4G networks support Mobile web access and high-bandwidth applications such as high-definition mobile TV, mobile video conferencing, and gaming services.
These requirements have led to the development of a fourth generation (4G) of mobile wireless technology that is designed to maximize bandwidth and throughput while also maximizing spectral efficiency. 4G systems have the following characteristics:
1.Based on an all-IP packet switched network
2.Support peak data rates of up to approximately 100 Mbps for high-mobility mobile access and up to approximately 1 Gbps for low-mobility access such as local wireless access
3.Dynamically share and use the network resources to support more simultaneous users per cell
4.Support smooth handovers across heterogeneous networks
5.Support high QoS for next-generation multimedia applications
In contrast to earlier generations, 4G systems do not support traditional circuit-switched telephony service, providing only IP telephony services.
V.Fifth Generation
5G systems are still some years away (perhaps 2020), but 5G technologies are likely an area of active research. By 2020, the huge amounts of data traffic generated by tablets and smartphones will be augmented by an equally huge, and perhaps much larger, amount of traffic from the Internet of Things, which includes shoes, watches, appliances, cars, thermostats, door locks, and much more.
With 4G, we may have reached a point of diminishing returns on network efficiency. There will be incremental improvements in the future, but significant increases in transmission efficiency seem unlikely. Instead, the focus for 5G will be on building more intelligence into the network, to meet service quality demands by dynamic use of priorities, adaptive network reconfiguration, and other network management techniques.
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Cellular technology is the foundation of mobile wireless communications and supports users in locations that are not easily served by wired networks. Cellular technology is the underlying technology for mobile telephones, personal communications systems, wireless Internet and wireless web applications, and much more. This section looks at how cellular technology has evolved through four generations and is poised for a fifth generation.
I.First Generation
The original cellular networks, now dubbed 1G, provided analog traffic channels and were designed to be an extension of the public switched telephone networks. Users with brick-sized cell phones placed and received calls in the same fashion as landline subscribers. The most widely deployed 1G system was the Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS), developed by ATT. Voice transmission was purely analog and control signals were sent over a 10-kbps analog channel.
II.Second Generation
First-generation cellular networks quickly became highly popular, threatening to swamp available capacity. Second-generation (2G) systems were developed to provide higher-quality signals, higher data rates for support of digital services, and greater capacity. Key differences between 1G and 2G networks include the following:
Digital traffic channels: The most notable difference between the two generations is that 1G systems are almost purely analog, whereas 2G systems are digital. In particular, 1G systems are designed to support voice channels; digital traffic is supported only by the use of a modem that converts the digital data into analog form. 2G systems provide digital traffic channels. These systems readily support digital data; voice traffic is first encoded in digital form before transmitting.
Encryption: Because all the user traffic, and the control traffic, is digitized in 2G systems, it is a relatively simple matter to encrypt all the traffic to prevent eavesdropping. All 2G systems provide this capability, whereas 1G systems send user traffic in the clear, providing no security.
Error detection and correction: The digital traffic stream of 2G systems also lends itself to the use of error detection and correction techniques. The result can be very clear voice reception. Channel access: In 1G systems, each cell supports a number of channels. At any given time a channel is allocated to only one user. 2G systems also provide multiple channels per cell, but each channel is dynamically shared by a number of users.
III.Third Generation
The objective of the third generation (3G) of wireless communication is to provide fairly high-speed wireless communications to support multimedia, data, and video in addition to voice. 3G systems share the following design features:
Bandwidth: An important design goal for all 3G systems is to limit channel usage to 5 MHz. There are several reasons for this goal. On the one hand, a bandwidth of 5 MHz or more improves the receiver’s ability to resolve multipath when compared to narrower bandwidths. On the other hand, the available spectrum is limited by competing needs, and 5 MHz is a reasonable upper limit on what can be allocated for 3G. Finally, 5 MHz is adequate for supporting data rates of 144 and 384 kbps, the main targets for 3G services.
Data rate: Target data rates are 144 and 384 kbps. Some 3G systems also provide support up to 2 Mbps for office use.
Multirate: The term multirate refers to the provision of multiple fixed-data-rate logical channels to a given user, in which different data rates are provided on different logical channels. Further, the traffic on each logical channel can be switched independently through the wireless and fixed networks to different destinations. The advantage of multirate is that the system can flexibly support multiple simultaneous applications from a given user and can efficiently use available capacity by only providing the capacity required for each service.
IV.Fourth Generation
The evolution of smartphones and cellular networks has ushered in a new generation of capabilities and standards, which is collectively called 4G. 4G systems provide ultra-broadband Internet access for a variety of mobile devices including laptops, smartphones, and tablets. 4G networks support Mobile web access and high-bandwidth applications such as high-definition mobile TV, mobile video conferencing, and gaming services.
These requirements have led to the development of a fourth generation (4G) of mobile wireless technology that is designed to maximize bandwidth and throughput while also maximizing spectral efficiency. 4G systems have the following characteristics:
1.Based on an all-IP packet switched network
2.Support peak data rates of up to approximately 100 Mbps for high-mobility mobile access and up to approximately 1 Gbps for low-mobility access such as local wireless access
3.Dynamically share and use the network resources to support more simultaneous users per cell
4.Support smooth handovers across heterogeneous networks
5.Support high QoS for next-generation multimedia applications
In contrast to earlier generations, 4G systems do not support traditional circuit-switched telephony service, providing only IP telephony services.
V.Fifth Generation
5G systems are still some years away (perhaps 2020), but 5G technologies are likely an area of active research. By 2020, the huge amounts of data traffic generated by tablets and smartphones will be augmented by an equally huge, and perhaps much larger, amount of traffic from the Internet of Things, which includes shoes, watches, appliances, cars, thermostats, door locks, and much more.
With 4G, we may have reached a point of diminishing returns on network efficiency. There will be incremental improvements in the future, but significant increases in transmission efficiency seem unlikely. Instead, the focus for 5G will be on building more intelligence into the network, to meet service quality demands by dynamic use of priorities, adaptive network reconfiguration, and other network management techniques.
Modern Computer Network Theory Playlist
Modern Computer Network Practical Playlist
#Subscribe the Channel Link :-
IF any Query or Doubt DM on #Instagram :-
#Bansode_Tech_Solution
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